Final answer:
Values are related to what we consider good and bad, reflecting judgments about how things ought to be. They are expressed in our daily decisions and are deeply embedded in cultures to discern what is considered good. Philosophers explore the content of values through the concepts of cognitivism and non-cognitivism.
Step-by-step explanation:
Values have to do with what we consider good and bad, or what is preference and desirable in life. They are judgments about how things ought to be and reflect beliefs about what is good, beautiful, important, etc. This concept is known as the fact-value distinction, where facts represent what is, while values denote what we believe ought to be the case based on these beliefs.
Moreover, values are expressed in our daily lives through decisions we make, how we treat others, and even our personal aesthetics. These values can be deeply ingrained within a culture, serving as a standard to discern what is considered good and just within that society. They also translate into our personal and collective beliefs.
Philosophers have explored the content of values, expressing various positions such as cognitivism, which suggests that values involve thought and can be expressed in statements, or non-cognitivism, which associates values more with psychological states and emotional conditions rather than explicit statements.