Final answer:
Horizontal federalism refers to the relationship and interactions between state and local governments, as opposed to the vertical federalism which concerns the national and state government dynamics. Federalism in the U.S. has evolved from dual to cooperative models, with involvement by the Supreme Court in resolving intergovernmental disputes. D. relationship between state and local governments.
Step-by-step explanation:
- Horizontal federalism refers to the relationship between state and local governments. It is an aspect of federalism, which is a system of government where sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units, such as states.
- The concept of horizontal federalism can often involve the cooperation of states with each other or with local governments to achieve policy goals, implement programs, and harmonize differences in law and policy. In comparison, vertical federalism relates to the balance of power between national and state governments.
- In the context of the United States, federalism has evolved from a clear division of powers to more cooperative approaches where the federal, state, and local governments work together on addressing various issues.
- For example, the use of block and categorical grants and mandates represent mechanisms by which the federal government can incentivize or require state and local governments to implement federal policies. The U.S. Supreme Court often plays a role in resolving conflicts between states and the federal government, thereby influencing the dynamics of federalism.