Final answer:
Option A, B, F and G. The stability of a conjugate base is influenced by inductive effects, charge on the atom, resonance, and orbitals involved in holding lone pairs of electrons.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors affecting the stability of a conjugate base include induction, charge on the atom, resonance, and the nature of the orbitals involved. Inductive effects involve the shifting of electron density in a molecule due to the electronegativity of nearby atoms or groups. This can either stabilize or destabilize the conjugate base. The charge on the atom is also critical as more electronegative atoms stabilize negative charges better. Resonance helps to delocalize charge, contributing to the stability of the conjugate base. Lastly, the type of orbitals holding the lone pair of electrons can affect the basicity; for example, sp3 hybridized orbitals hold electrons more loosely compared to sp2 or sp.
Factors that affect a stable conjugate base include:
Induction: Atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule can induce a change in the distribution of electrons, affecting the stability of the conjugate base.
Charge on atom: The charge on an atom can affect the stability of the conjugate base. For example, a negatively charged atom can stabilize the negative charge on the conjugate base.
Resonance: Resonance can stabilize the conjugate base by delocalizing the negative charge over multiple atoms.