Final answer:
Product life cycle management (PLM) incorporates all of the following except applied research.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is d. Applied research. Product life cycle management (PLM) involves the management of a product from its inception through design and development, production and manufacturing, marketing and sales, and finally, end-of-life considerations. This includes managing warranties, working with suppliers, implementing strategies for product recycling, and overseeing the product design and development process. However, applied research, which focuses on the practical application of scientific and technological knowledge, is not specifically included in PLM.