Final answer:
Only viral marketing is not typically considered a source of switching costs. Switching costs include expenses like learning costs, information and data costs, search costs, and potential losses from loyalty programs. Viral marketing, while a marketing strategy, does not incur a direct cost to consumers for switching between products or services.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which of the following is not highlighted as a source of switching costs: learning costs, information and data, search costs, viral marketing, and loyalty programs. Switching costs are the costs that a consumer incurs as a result of changing from one product or service to another. These can include learning costs, which are the time and effort it takes to learn how to use a new product; information and data costs, such as the time and resources spent to gather information about different options; search costs, which involve the time and possibly financial costs of searching for a new provider; and loyalty programs, where incentives like discounts and points that can be forfeited if a customer switches brands.
Among the options provided, only viral marketing is not typically considered a source of switching costs. Viral marketing is a strategy that encourages individuals to share information about a product or service within their social networks, but it doesn't directly relate to the costs a consumer might incur from switching from one product to another. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is d. Viral marketing.