Final answer:
Pentane and hexane each have two different kinds of protons due to their terminal methyl and methylene groups. 1-Chlorohexane has three different kinds of protons because the chlorine atom affects the environment of adjacent hydrogen atoms. Other exercises cover mass relationships, molecular composition, and mole calculations.
Step-by-step explanation:
When determining the number of different kinds of protons (environments in NMR spectroscopy) in hydrocarbons like pentane, hexane, and 1-chlorohexane, we look at the hydrogen atoms and the type of carbon atoms they are attached to. For pentane (C5H12), there are two different kinds of protons because the molecule has two types of environments for hydrogen atoms: those at the ends of the molecule (terminal methyl groups) and those in the middle (methylenes). For hexane (C6H14), there are also two different kinds of protons for the same reasons as pentane. However, in 1-chlorohexane (C6H13Cl), the presence of chlorine affects the environment of the adjacent hydrogen atoms. Thus, there are three different kinds of protons: one set at the methyl group furthest from chlorine, one set at the carbons adjacent to chlorine, and one set in the middle. For additional exercises, we have different inquiries such as the mass relationship between protons, electrons, and neutrons, molecular composition, the Latin name of potassium (kalium), and the number of moles in given amounts of various compounds.