Final answer:
Ovulation is the release of the most mature egg cell, or secondary oocyte, from the ovary. This event happens roughly every 28 days after puberty due to an increase in luteinizing hormone and is part of the menstrual cycle and a woman's reproductive system.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ovulation Explained
The process by which the most mature egg cell is released from one of the ovaries is known as ovulation. This significant event marks a key point in the female reproductive cycle. Ovulation occurs when the ovary releases a secondary oocyte, signaling a female's capability to reproduce. Before ovulation, the egg, known as a primary oocyte, begins meiosis - a special type of cell division. Initially trapped in a prolonged pause since before birth, this cell resumes and completes the first part of meiosis during puberty, resulting in an uneven division. This creates a large secondary oocyte, which is the cell that will be released during ovulation, and a smaller first polar body, which usually disintegrates.
Approximately every 28 days after puberty, a surge in luteinizing hormone stimulates the resumption of meiosis in the primary oocyte. The growing follicle within the ovary matures during this time, and eventually, the oocyte - now a secondary oocyte - is expelled into the peritoneal cavity during ovulation. This now-reachable egg may travel to the uterus, and if fertilization occurs, it will continue through the second stage of meiosis.
Ovulation is a vital component of the menstrual cycle and reproductive health. An understanding of this process is important for those studying human biology and health sciences, especially given its roles in fertility and contraception. During the reproductive years, the timing of ovulation can appear random, sometimes with both ovaries releasing an egg, potentially leading to fraternal twins if both are fertilized.