Question

C++ supports call-by-reference, such as an example as follows: int p(int& x) { x = x + 1, return x } int z = 8; int y = p(z)One of the reasons why programmers do not find call-by-reference essential is that it can be simulated by call-by-value. In other words, it is possible to write a C++/C program that only uses call-by-value to mimic the behavior of the program above. Write a logically equivalent program for the code snippet above that allows variables y and z to be 9 and 9 just as the call-by-reference program at the end of the execution.

Answer 1

In C++, call-by-reference can be simulated by call-by-value using pointers. A logically equivalent program to the given code snippet can be written by passing the address of a variable to a function through a pointer.

Step-by-step explanation:

Simulating Call-by-Reference using Call-by-Value in C++:

In C++, call-by-reference can be simulated by call-by-value using pointers. Here is a logically equivalent program to the given code snippet:

int p(int* x) {
(*x) = (*x) + 1;
return (*x);
}

int main() {
int z = 8;
int y = p(&z);
// After the function call, y and z will be 9
return 0;
}

In this program, the function p takes a pointer to an integer as an argument. The value of z is passed to the function using the address-of operator (&).