Final answer:
The generalizability of study results depends on the characteristics of the sample and how representative it is of the target population. Establishing causal relationships requires a well-designed experimental or quasi-experimental study.
Step-by-step explanation:
The generalizability of study results depends on the characteristics of the sample and how representative it is of the target population.
If the sample is large and diverse, then the findings of the study have a higher likelihood of being applicable to the population as a whole.
However, if the sample is small or not representative of the population, then the findings may not be generalizable.
Establishing causal relationships requires a well-designed experimental or quasi-experimental study.
Random assignment of participants to different groups and control over confounding variables are important factors in establishing causality.
If the study follows these design principles, then the findings may be used to establish causal relationships.