Final answer:
Federalism is a governmental structure where power is constitutionally divided between two levels of government, the national and state governments, with each having specific powers option (1).
Step-by-step explanation:
Federalism is a system of government where power is shared between a national government and individual regional political units, typically known as states. In federalism, sovereignty is constitutionally divided, and both levels of government have distinct powers that are outlined in the national constitution.
The United States Constitution, for example, allows the federal government to negotiate treaties with other countries, whereas state governments have the authority to set and enforce their driving laws.
Federal systems can be found in various countries such as the United States, Canada, and Germany. These systems contrast with unitary systems, where authority is centralized in the national government, and confederations, where power is held predominantly by individual states.
Additionally, federalism can cater to diversities within a nation by allowing regional autonomy on certain issues, such as language or education, while maintaining a unified stance on matters like national defense and interstate commerce.
Despite the geographical and cultural benefits, federalism can have its drawbacks, such as inconsistencies between state laws or potential hindrances to national efforts aimed at addressing widespread problems.
Nevertheless, federalism allows for a balance between decentralization and centralization, providing a dynamic framework that can evolve to address the unique needs of a country.