Final answer:
To calculate the probability that a report is open and from Staten Island, specific data is required. In absence of such data, methods in statistics like the multiplication rule are used to determine combined probabilities. For the sociologist's claim, a hypothesis test is conducted to see if less than 83% of individuals in Times Square are visitors.
Step-by-step explanation:
When calculating the probability that a report is open and comes from Staten Island, we would typically need more context or specific data to provide a precise answer. However, the concept of determining such a probability falls under the topic of statistics, a branch of mathematics. To solve, one would generally need to know the total number of reports, how many are open, how many come from Staten Island, and how many meet both criteria. Without this data, we can focus on how probabilities are combined and calculated using concepts such as the addition rule, multiplication rule, and conditional probabilities.
If a sociologist claims the probability that a person picked at random in Times Square is visiting the area is 0.83, and if you wish to test this claim to see if the proportion is less, you would be dealing with a hypothesis test. Here, the random variable is the proportion of people who are visitors in Times Square. The null hypothesis (H0) would be that the visitor proportion is 0.83 (the claim), and the alternative hypothesis (H1) would be that the visitor proportion is less than 0.83. If using a significance level (such as 1 percent), you would calculate the test statistic based on your sample data and compare it to a critical value to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis.