Final answer:
Tolman's idea of the intervening variable is about a theoretical concept that connects stimulus and response, which cannot be observed directly. Researchers must use controlled experiments with clear dependent and independent variables to study such intervening variables objectively, while also accounting for lurking variables and using techniques like blinding to avoid bias.
Step-by-step explanation:
Edward C. Tolman was an influential psychologist who introduced the concept of an intervening variable, which is a theoretical construct that represents a process or mechanism occurring between a stimulus and a response in a behavior. This variable explains how or why a certain outcome happens as a result of a stimulus. It is not directly observable but is inferred from the relationship between other variables that can be observed.
To study an intervening variable objectively, one must use a controlled experimental design with clearly defined dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable is the one being measured and is expected to change as a response to the manipulation of the independent variable.
For example, a researcher studying the effect of a new teaching method on student performance would manipulate the teaching method (the independent variable) and measure student performance (the dependent variable).
Research methods also need to consider the presence of lurking variables, which are not controlled in the study and could affect the outcome. These need to be identified and accounted for to ensure the validity of the study.
Additionally, the use of techniques such as blinding and random assignment to treatment groups can help reduce the influence of these lurking variables and other biases. In an experiment with blinding, participants or researchers are kept unaware of who is receiving which treatment to prevent bias. All these steps are critical to maintain objectivity when studying intervening variables.