Final answer:
The student's question concerns peer-review systems in businesses and academia, which are methods to evaluate the performance or work by peers or qualified experts, and are aimed at improving quality and efficiency.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student's question pertains to peer-review systems in the context of business practices and management. Peer review is an essential process in many professional fields, including both academic and corporate settings. This system involves the evaluation of an individual's performance or work by other individuals who are usually of the same rank.
In business and organizational environments, peer review can involve 360-degree feedback, where an employee's performance is assessed not only by supervisors but also by peers, subordinates, and sometimes customers. This comprehensive approach to evaluation aims to provide a balanced view of an individual's work and is used to inform decisions related to position and compensation. Peer review in a scientific context refers to the process by which manuscripts or grant proposals are reviewed by other experts in the field to ensure the validity and significance of the research before publication or funding.
In terms of the options provided in the student's question, none accurately describe the comprehensive nature of a peer-review system as discussed in the provided information. The closest option might be (c), which hints at the levels of management involved in an employee grievance procedure, but it does not encompass the full scope of peer review as described.