Final answer:
The symptoms of PTSD in the DSM-5 are grouped into four clusters: intrusion symptoms, persistent avoidance, negative shifts in cognitions and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer is C: Intrusion symptoms; persistent avoidance; negative shifts in cognitions and mood; alterations in arousal and reactivity.
The symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are grouped into four important clusters in the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria:
- Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, or flashbacks related to the traumatic event. People with PTSD may also experience intense psychological distress when exposed to cues that remind them of the event.
- Persistent avoidance: Individuals may avoid thoughts, feelings, or external reminders associated with the traumatic event. This can manifest as avoiding certain places, activities, or people that remind them of the trauma.
- Negative shifts in cognitions and mood: This cluster involves negative beliefs or feelings about oneself, others, or the world. It may also include a decreased interest in activities, feeling detached or estranged from others, and experiencing difficulty experiencing positive emotions.
- Alterations in arousal and reactivity: These symptoms include hypervigilance, difficulty concentrating, irritability, and an exaggerated startle response. Individuals may also engage in reckless or self-destructive behavior.
Therefore, the correct grouping of symptoms in the DSM-5 for PTSD is Intrusion symptoms; persistent avoidance; negative shifts in cognitions and mood; alterations in arousal and reactivity.