Final answer:
The ladder of accountability at the University of Victoria covers a range of biological modifications, including epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels.
Step-by-step explanation:
The ladder of accountability used by the University of Victoria encompasses a detailed range that includes various levels of change. In this context, we're discussing changes that occur within biological systems, specifically at different stages of gene expression and regulation. The correct answer for the range is:
- d. epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels
This answer indicates that the ladder of accountability includes changes occurring at the level of epigenetic modifications that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence; the transcriptional level where DNA is transcribed into RNA; post-transcriptional changes occurring after DNA is transcribed and before mRNA is translated, including splicing and editing; the translational level where mRNA is decoded to synthesize proteins; and post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, that affect protein function and activity.