Final answer:
The correct answer is option D. The contingency perspective differs from universal perspectives by not prescribing a single 'best way' of organization and management, considering that efficacy depends on context-specific variables.
Step-by-step explanation:
The contingency perspective is different from universal perspectives because of its adaptable approach to management and organizational theory. Unlike universal perspectives, the contingency perspective does not attempt to identify the one best way to manage or organize.
Instead, it suggests that the most effective management strategy depends on the unique set of circumstances a company faces at any given time, which may include its environment, technology, and internal characteristics.
Contrary to approaches like the functionalist perspective or the conflict perspective, which may provide a rigid framework for analyzing society or organizations, the contingency perspective recognizes that each situation is different and requires its own analysis and tailor-made approach.
This means that what works for one organization in a specific context might not work for another in a different context. This adaptability allows the contingency perspective to be more practical in real-world scenarios compared to universal generalizations that attempt to apply the same principles across all organizations.