Final answer:
The correct answer is option c. Conflict theorists argue that the U.S. is not a complete meritocracy, as factors like social capital and economic background greatly impact one's success, despite a societal belief in merit-based upward mobility.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to conflict theorists, the United States is not a complete meritocracy, which is defined as a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort. The correct answer to the student's question is C. Meritocracy.
In the context of Social Studies and sociological theory, a meritocracy is often seen as an idealized system where upward mobility is based on personal merits such as skill, effort, and achievement. However, conflict theorists argue that factors like social capital, family connections, and economic background play a significant role in determining one's success, despite the meritocratic ideals professed by a society. Because of these factors, which can create unequal access to opportunities, the U.S. does not entirely operate as a meritocracy.