Final answer:
Delayed density dependence is exemplified by II, where the fecundity of two-year-old frogs is influenced by their earlier density as tadpoles. It demonstrates how the impact of population density can have future repercussions on population dynamics, contrary to an immediate density-dependent effect or a density-independent factor.
Step-by-step explanation:
An example of delayed density dependence is II. The fecundity of two-year-old frogs is based on their density as tadpoles. This is because the effects of the tadpole density are not immediately seen but are reflected later in the life cycle of the frogs.
The per capita growth rate of a coyote population decreasing as the number of coyotes increases (I) is an immediate density-dependent effect, not a delayed one. The number of seeds produced by flowers in the fall depending on the amount of rainfall the previous spring (III) is an example of a density-independent factor because it's affected by the environmental condition (rainfall), not the density of the flower population.
Density-dependent factors generally refer to factors that affect population growth based upon the population density. In biology, density-dependent regulation of populations can include factors like competition, predation, disease, and parasitism which often have instantaneous effects. However, a delayed density-dependent factor may not be evident immediately; instead, it affects a population after a certain period.