Final answer:
The main techniques for diagnosing genetic abnormalities during pregnancy are Amniocentesis and Ultrasound. Techniques such as PCR and Southern blotting are also pivotal in detecting specific genetic mutations or pathogens' DNA, while genetic counselors provide essential guidance to prospective parents.
"The correct option is approximately option A"
Step-by-step explanation:
The two main techniques used for determining genetic abnormalities during pregnancy are Amniocentesis and Ultrasound. These procedures help in diagnosing various genetic disorders and congenital infections. Amniocentesis involves extracting amniotic fluid which is then analyzed for fetal chromosomal abnormalities.
Ultrasounds are imaging studies that can also be performed safely during pregnancy to check for developmental abnormalities in the fetus. Other techniques mentioned, such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), can be used to detect genetic material in samples and can also be used for diagnosing conditions like congenital infections by detecting pathogens' DNA.
For detecting sickle cell anemia, which affects hemoglobin, the technique most useful is Southern blotting, as it analyzes DNA to identify mutations causing the disorder. Moreover, studying cytogenetic mapping through stained chromosomes under a microscope can lead to the prediction of genetic abnormalities. In the case of sequencing DNA to detect carriers of genetic diseases like Fragile X or cystic fibrosis, blood tests can be used. It's important to note that genetic counselors play a crucial role in guiding prospective parents through the testing process and understanding the implications of genetic tests.