Final answer:
Among the traits provided, 'self-confident' is not commonly associated with women according to historical gender stereotypes. Traits like 'emotional,' 'warm,' and 'kind' have been traditionally linked to women. The concept of personality traits, as refined by Cattell, exists on a spectrum, rather than as absolutes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The study by Broverman and Broverman (1971) on the traits mental health workers ascribed to males and females revealed a list of traits commonly associated with each gender. For females, the traits included being unaggressive, gentle, emotional, and so on. In terms of the trait self-confident, it was not commonly listed as a female trait; rather, it was more often ascribed to males along with being aggressive, rough, and unemotional. The other traits provided in the options – emotional, warm, and kind – were all traits typically associated with women. Raymond Cattell's personality dimensions referenced attributes such as warmth and emotional stability, emphasizing that personality traits exist on a spectrum rather than being present or absent. Consequently, the trait not commonly associated with women, amongst the options provided, would be self-confident, which historically has been associated more with male characteristics.