Final answer:
An acrocentric chromosome has the centromere near one end, creating a notably short 'p' arm and an extended 'q' arm.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of chromosome that has the centromere near one end, producing a long arm and a knob, is the acrocentric chromosome. Acrocentric chromosomes have a centromere that is significantly offset from the chromosome midpoint, leading to a very short 'p' arm and a significantly longer 'q' arm. This is in contrast to a metacentric chromosome where the centromere is approximately in the middle, a submetacentric chromosome where the centromere is slightly off-center but not as dramatically as in acrocentric chromosomes and a telocentric chromosome where the centromere is at the very end.