Final answer:
The process associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane is A) phospholipid synthesis, with this membrane playing a role in lipid metabolism and protein transport.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane is A) phospholipid synthesis. The outer mitochondrial membrane is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, which are essential components of all cell membranes. This process is crucial for maintaining the structure and function of the mitochondria and the cell as a whole. The outer membrane is known to have enzymes related to lipid metabolism, and it also plays a role in the transport of proteins that are synthesized in the cytosol but function in the mitochondria.
Other listed options, such as metabolite transport (B), β-oxidation of fats (C), transcription (D), and ATP synthesis (E) are processes associated either with the inner mitochondrial membrane or other cell compartments like the cytoplasm. Particularly, ATP synthesis is central to the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which occurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane where the electron transport system (ETS) is located. β-oxidation of fats takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, which is within the inner membrane.