Final answer:
Identical or similar DNA sequences that occur multiple times on a chromosome are called repetitive sequences. These sequences have roles in chromosome protection and structure, as seen in telomeres, while homologous chromosomes explain the mechanism of trait inheritance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Identical or similar DNA sequences that occur multiple times on a chromosome are called repetitive sequences. These sequences can be found in various regions of the chromosome, including the telomeres, which consist of noncoding repetitive sequences critical for protecting the chromosome ends during cell division. Repetitive DNA plays an important role in chromosome structure and function.
Matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are known as homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes have genes in the same loci, although the specific alleles for these genes may vary, contributing to genetic diversity within a species. The presence of homologous chromosomes ensures that organisms can inherit traits from both parents.