Final answer:
Differential association theory explains that deviant and criminal behavior is learned through association with those who provide models and opportunities for deviance. The correct option is - a. Differential association theory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The idea that deviant and criminal behavior results from associating with attitudes favorable to acting in ways that are deviant or criminal is referred to as differential association theory.
According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland, individuals learn deviant behavior from close contacts who provide models and opportunities for deviance. Sutherland's theory suggests that deviance is learned through differential socialization processes, where individuals accept and participate in deviant behaviors after learning that they are viewed as favorable by those around them.