Final answer:
The correct answer is calcium (E), which is found in higher concentration outside of the cell compared to inside. The principal ion within cells is potassium (K+), and cellular mechanisms such as the sodium-potassium pump, which uses ATP, help maintain this gradient.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks which solute is found in higher concentration outside of the cell rather than inside. Looking at the given options, we can understand that potassium (K+) is in higher concentration inside the cell, as it is the principal ion in the intracellular fluid (ICF). Similarly, glucose, phosphate ions, and ATP are typically found in higher concentrations within cells due to cellular metabolism and regulatory mechanisms.
However, calcium (Ca2+) typically exists in much lower concentrations inside cells compared to the extracellular fluid (ECF), where it is more abundant. Calcium serves various functions including signaling, and its concentration is tightly regulated by cellular mechanisms. Therefore, the correct answer is calcium (E), as it is found in a higher concentration outside of the cell.
The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium (Na+) out of the cell and brings potassium into it, maintaining the higher intracellular potassium concentration. This process is driven by ATP.