Final answer:
The Roughnecks were labeled as deviants rather than the Saints because the Saints were better at concealing their deviant behavior, and had higher socioeconomic status, enabling them to avoid negative labels more effectively. The correct option is c. The Roughnecks had lower socioeconomic status.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the article The Saints and the Roughnecks, the Roughnecks were labeled and sanctioned as deviants, while the Saints were not, primarily because the Saints were better at concealing their deviant behavior. This difference in how the two groups were perceived can be attributed to several factors, including socioeconomic status and social connections. Unlike the Roughnecks, the Saints had more advantageous socioeconomic backgrounds, which allowed them to maintain a façade of respectability and enabled them to avoid negative labels more effectively.
Additionally, the theory of social disorganization suggests that the environment one grows up in can significantly influence the likelihood of participating in deviant or criminal behaviors. Generally, those coming from impoverished areas, like the Roughnecks, are viewed more suspiciously and are more likely to be labeled as deviants. Conversely, those with better social standing, like the Saints, can sometimes use their status to shield themselves from such labels.
The way deviance is perceived and sanctioned in communities is complex and can often be tied to one's ability to hide such behavior effectively, as was the case with the Saints, or the lack thereof, which was a key factor for the Roughnecks' label as deviants. The correct option is c. The Roughnecks had lower socioeconomic status.