Final answer:
Methods to control fires without disrupting thermal layers include using a fog nozzle, spraying water from a distance with a wide-angle pattern, and using a straight stream at the fire's base. A fluorinated solution can extinguish large-scale organic material fires by spreading over the surface.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question asks about methods to control fires without disrupting thermal layers, crucial for effective firefighting. Using a fog nozzle helps disperse water over the flames, creating a fire-extinguishing mist that cools the environment and reduces the fire's heat energy without significantly disturbing the hot air above. Spraying water from a distance allows for a wider area coverage, cooling more of the surrounding area, which can prevent the fire from spreading. Employing a wide-angle spray pattern increases this effect, targeting both the fire and its surroundings to reduce the overall temperature. Lastly, using a straight stream directed at the base of the fire can effectively cut off the fuel supply to the flames without agitating the upper thermal layer. A fluorinated solution, similar to firefighting foam, can spread across burning surfaces and extinguish fires of organic materials. This technique is universally used to combat large-scale fires.