Final answer:
Management has evolved through different theories and practices, focusing on both organization-level efficiency and individual employee motivations. Its heritage includes philosophy, public administration, and the science of physiology, emphasizing efficient organizational structures and systems for running large groups efficiently.
Step-by-step explanation:
Management is a multifaceted discipline that has evolved through various theories and practices over time. Drawing from its roots in fields like philosophy, public administration, and the science of physiology, management as a study takes into account the efficiency of organizational cultures on performance and incorporates the design, supervision, and implementation of various administrative systems. Notably, the idea that management should primarily take society rather than the individual as its point of departure is inaccurate. Instead, management theories such as Frederick Taylor's scientific management or Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, suggest both a focus on improving organizational efficiency and an understanding of individual employee motivations within a structured administrative system.
The origins of management can be linked to the bureaucracy that emerged as a necessity for administrative organization, particularly in large polities where personal control was unfeasible. Lorenz von Stein's work laid the foundation for public administration, suggesting that administrative activities should be studied and executed with an aim for efficiency and devoid of political manipulations. Complex organizational systems such as these require a command chain, rules, records, and division of labor to ensure their efficient functioning, as indicated by the works of Adam Smith, Robert Owen, and others.