Final answer:
Proteinuria is the presence of abnormal protein levels in urine. Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in urine. Edema and azotemia are related to fluid retention and increased nitrogen levels in the blood.
Step-by-step explanation:
Proteinuria refers to the presence of abnormal protein levels in the urine. It can occur due to various reasons, such as leaky or damaged glomeruli in the kidneys. When proteinuria is present, but the amount of protein is less than 2g in a 24-hour urine collection, it is considered to be within the normal range.
Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine. This can be caused by infections or injuries.
Edema refers to swelling, which can occur when there is fluid retention in the body. Azotemia refers to an increased level of nitrogen-containing compounds in the blood.