Final answer:
The plan outlined in the question is known as a Master Budget, which is an inclusive financial plan covering all major aspects of a business's operations including sales, production, expenses, and financial statements.
Step-by-step explanation:
The comprehensive formal plan described by the student in question is called a Master Budget. This planning document includes a wide array of financial details, including expected sales, production units, merchandise purchases, various expenses, asset acquisitions, and financing details, and includes projected financial statements such as a budgeted income statement and balance sheet. Essentially, a Master Budget serves as a detailed and integrated road map for the company's finances, covering virtually every financial aspect of the business over a specific period.