Final answer:
According to McGregor, Theory X managers believe that people are motivated by lower-order needs and require strict supervision and control.
Step-by-step explanation:
According to McGregor, Theory X managers believe that people are motivated by lower-order needs. The Theory X approach to management is grounded in a belief that most people dislike work and must be coerced, controlled, and threatened with punishment to get them to achieve organizational objectives. These managers typically view their employees as individuals who need to be closely supervised and require a structured work environment.
In contrast, Theory Y suggests a more participative approach, where managers believe that people are not naturally idle or unmotivated but are products of their environment. They view employees as responsible and creative individuals who enjoy mental and physical work duties. In a Theory Y organization, managers assume that people can be self-directed and creative if properly motivated.