Final answer:
The political philosophy that supports the government's role in promoting individual responsibility and upholding traditional social values is conservatism. The correct option is B.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement 'Government should act to promote individual responsibility and to maintain traditional social values' most closely aligns with B. Conservatism. Conservatism holds that human nature has a tendency towards selfish behavior and therefore relies on established social institutions to teach self-discipline and self-reliance.
Additionally, conservatives believe that the government should protect and uphold foundational, long-standing societal values. This philosophy maintains that any evolution or reform of social institutions should happen gradually, reflecting a preference for stability and the status quo over radical change. The correct option is B.