Final answer:
From 1990 to 2013, mortality under age 5 in India has decreased, and the literacy rate has increased due to improvements in healthcare and education.
Step-by-step explanation:
From 1990 to 2013, mortality under age 5 in India has decreased and the literacy rate has increased. This reflects the global trend of declining death rates in developing nations due to improvements in healthcare, as noted in reports on infant mortality rates dropping significantly. Further evidence is found in the increasing literacy rates worldwide, with an enormous shift in schooling and literacy by 2020 compared to the 1800s.
Education, especially for girls, has been closely linked with economic growth in low-income countries, showing significant gains in literacy rates over the years. The correct answer to the question is c. Decreased; increased. These trends underscore the importance of educational and healthcare advancements in shaping population health outcomes and the potential of a country's human capital.