Final answer:
Abrasive cleaners function primarily by loosening dirt through friction. The correct option is 1.
Step-by-step explanation:
Abrasive cleaners cause friction which loosens dirt from surfaces. The friction generated by the abrasive action physically dislodges particles from the surface, facilitating their removal. While some cleaning agents, particularly those that are alkaline, such as bleach or ammonia, can dissolve fats, oils, and protein-based substances and kill bacteria and pathogens.
The mechanical action of abrasives in cleaners like powders and scrubs works to strip away unwanted materials from surfaces. Common ingredients in these types of cleaners can include calcium carbonate or aluminum hydroxide, which act as the abrasive component.
It's important to note that while abrasives assist in the cleaning process by physically removing substances, they do not inherently whiten surfaces or dissolve pathogens, but can help in the mechanical removal of them.