Final answer:
Cloud condensation nuclei are more abundant in the atmosphere than ice-forming nuclei; identical raindrops fall more rapidly in cooler air if air density is ignored; the most abundant elements in the universe tend to have lower atomic weights.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the atmosphere, cloud condensation nuclei are A. More abundant than ice-forming nuclei. This is because cloud condensation nuclei can be composed of various particles like dust, sea salt, and soot, which are plentiful in the atmosphere. These particles serve as surfaces for water vapor to condense upon, forming liquid droplets. Ice-forming nuclei, on the other hand, are more specific in their requirements for inducing the formation of ice crystals and are far less likely than condensation nuclei to be present.
Regarding the speed at which identical raindrops fall, they would fall more rapidly in 5° C air compared to 25° C air if we neglect any differences in air density. This is because the viscosity of air decreases as temperature increases, resulting in less resistance to the falling raindrops in warmer air. However, it's important to note that air density is also a factor that affects the fall velocity, and it tends to be lower in warmer air.
In the thought experiment where electrons, instead of alpha particles, were used in Rutherford's gold foil experiment, the result would have been that electrons are d. Being more massive, the alpha particles would have been scattered to a lesser degree than the electrons due to their greater mass and momentum.
Elements in the universe follow a pattern of abundance where the most abundant elements generally have a lower atomic weight. This observation implies that elements like hydrogen and helium, which have lower atomic weights, are more plentiful in the universe compared to elements with higher atomic weights.