Final answer:
Stem cells are unique due to their ability to divide indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and naturally occurring, while induced pluripotent stem cells are genetically reprogrammed adult cells with similar abilities.
Step-by-step explanation:
Stem cells possess unique characteristics that set them apart from other cell types. They have the capability to continuously divide and produce more stem cells, as well as differentiate into specialized cells under the right conditions.
Embryonic stem cells (hESCs), which are extracted from embryos, are pluripotent, meaning they have the potential to develop into almost any cell type in the body. On the other hand, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived by genetically reprogramming adult somatic cells to function like embryonic stem cells, giving them a similar pluripotent nature. iPSCs are significant in research and medicine as they bypass the ethical considerations surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells.
Key differences between these two types include their origin, with embryonic stem cells coming from embryos and iPSCs originating from reprogrammed adult cells. Moreover, the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells is natural, while iPSCs acquire this ability through genetic modification. Both have the potential for differentiation into cell types representative of all three germ layers, making them invaluable for medical research and potential therapies.