Final answer:
The most likely treatment for individuals with specific fears or anxieties like stage fright or test anxiety is exposure therapy, a process that helps individuals face and overcome their fears by gradual confrontation in a safe environment. option d.
Step-by-step explanation:
A teacher with stage fright, a student with test anxiety, a salesperson who fears people, or a newlywed with an aversion to sexual intimacy would most likely be treated using exposure therapy. Exposure therapy is a psychological treatment that helps individuals confront their fears by gradually and repeatedly exposing them to the feared object or context without any danger, in order to overcome their anxiety. Other options such as aversion therapy, transference, and confrontation are not typically used to treat these kinds of fears or anxieties.
For instance, displacement refers to transferring inappropriate urges or behaviors onto a more acceptable or less threatening target, which doesn't align with the treatment of confronting fears. Also, reaction formation is an ego defense mechanism where a person swaps unacceptable urges or behaviors for their opposites, and this too isn't a method to directly treat anxieties or phobias. Rather, the gradual exposure in exposure therapy allows individuals to gain control over their fears and reduce the distress they experience in relation to them.