Question

A nurse is teaching a group of first-trimester prenatal clients about the discomforts of pregnancy. A client asks the nurse, "What causes my nausea and vomiting?" The nurse responds indicating which of the following as being contributing factors to first-trimester emesis? Select all that apply.

a) Human chorionic gonadotropin
b) Estrogen
c) Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism
d) Prostaglandins

Answer 1

First-trimester nausea and vomiting in pregnancy, known as morning sickness, are primarily due to elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen. Changes in carbohydrate metabolism and decreased intestinal peristalsis are also contributing factors.

Step-by-step explanation:

Nausea and vomiting in the first trimester of pregnancy, commonly known as morning sickness, are influenced by several factors. The primary contributors include:

• Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): A hormone that is high during the early stages of pregnancy.
• Estrogen: Another hormone which increases during pregnancy and can affect the gastrointestinal system.
• Alterations in carbohydrate metabolism: These changes can affect digestive efficiency and contribute to nausea.
• Prostaglandins: Though not typically associated with nausea, they have various roles in pregnancy and may indirectly contribute.

Factors like increased sensitivity to odors and decreased intestinal peristalsis also play a role in contributing to these symptoms. Typically, this form of nausea subsides around week 12 of pregnancy when hormone levels begin to stabilize.