Final answer:
Switching costs refer to the d. one-time costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier. These costs can discourage customers from switching and create a barrier to entry for new competitors in the market.
Step-by-step explanation:
Switching costs refer to the d. one-time costs customers incur when buying from a different supplier. When customers decide to purchase from a new supplier, they may face expenses related to training, installation, or reconfiguring their systems.
These costs can discourage customers from switching to a different supplier and create a barrier to entry for new competitors in the market.