Final answer:
The statement is false as effective change can be initiated from various perspectives, not only through problem-oriented approaches. Besides addressing current issues, visionary thinking and a drive for improvement can also provoke change. Effective change involves combining policy reforms, individual actions, and cultural shifts.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement "The urgency for change must always be initiated from a problem-oriented perspective to be effective" is false. Effective change can be initiated from various perspectives, not solely problem-oriented. Bottom-up change often begins at a local level when specific issues are identified.
However, changes can also be driven by visionary thinking, the anticipation of future needs, or the desire for improvement independent of current problems. For instance, a grass-roots movement might press for changes in policy before a crisis occurs or to achieve a broader societal goal.
There is a natural bias towards the status quo, as there are always groups that benefit from existing conditions and may oppose change. This resistance makes political change particularly challenging. Nonetheless, individuals and interest groups continue to push for reforms, as seen when pesticide manufacturers lobbied for uniform national standards.
Effective change requires not only identifying and pushing against the current issues but also imagining new and improved conditions. Furthermore, it is important to note that effective change can sometimes emerge from individual actions and cultural reform.
Although policy changes are often considered as having the necessary "teeth" to enact substantial changes, individual and collective cultural shifts can lead to a significant transformation in societal norms and behaviors. Therefore, a multifaceted approach that includes policy, individual choices, and cultural shifts is essential for driving effective change.