Final answer:
The statement in question is false. Distributive justice focuses on fairness in the distribution of societal goods and services, with principles aiming at various forms of equality and advantages for the least well-off.
Step-by-step explanation:
The statement that the distributive justice principle of ethical decision-making implies that people who are similar in relevant ways should receive dissimilar benefits and burdens based on their individual rights is false. Distributive justice, as a concept, emphasizes fairness in the way goods and services are distributed among members of society.
Principles of distributive justice such as those proposed by John Rawls include the Difference Principle, which posits that any inequalities in society must be arranged so as to benefit the least advantaged, and strict egalitarianism, which dictates that everyone should have the same level of material goods and services. Rawls in particular opposed the idea of equal distribution for its own sake; he advocated for a system that rewards socially useful roles that also benefit the worst-off.