Final answer:
This question asks to solve high school level physics problems relating to static equilibrium and forces on ladders and scaffolding. Calculations involve understanding torques, forces, and the center of mass to ensure stability.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question revolves around static equilibrium problems involving forces on fixed ladders and scaffolding, which is a topic covered in high school physics. The calculations require understanding of torques, the conditions for static equilibrium, and the application of Newton's laws.
To solve such problems, one needs to sum forces in the vertical and horizontal directions and set them equal to zero to satisfy the first condition for equilibrium. Furthermore, the sum of torques must also be zero to satisfy the second condition of equilibrium.
For instance, when calculating the tension in cables supporting a scaffold, one would determine the torques about a pivot point and set the algebraic sum to be zero, considering the distances (lever arms) from the pivot point to where the forces are applied (the weight of the painter, equipment, and the scaffold itself).
In the case of ladders, similar principles apply. If a person is standing on a ladder, one must consider the person's weight, the weight of the ladder, and the distances from the contact points to where these weights effectively act (the center of mass). The frictional force, normal force, and any forces exerted by a wall or gutter act as external forces that affect the ladder's stability. The required calculations depend on these forces' directions and magnitudes, as well as the position of the ladder relative to the wall.