Final answer:
The process of distributing congressional seats among states is known as apportionment, followed by redistricting to draw new boundaries, and when done unfairly, it is termed gerrymandering.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of allocating congressional seats among the fifty states is called apportionment. This occurs after each decennial census, where reapportionment may result in some states gaining or losing congressional seats based on changes in population. Subsequently, states undergo redistricting, which is the drawing of new congressional district boundaries.
Gerrymandering is when district boundaries are manipulated strategically to favor a certain political party or group. Laws such as the Voting Rights Act seek to prevent redistricting that would diminish the voting impact of minority groups. Meanwhile, the term filibustering is unrelated to this context and refers to an action within legislative bodies to extend debate and delay or prevent a vote on a proposal.