Final answer:
In calculating conditional probability, specific data points are required to determine the likelihood of an occurrence. The correct option is D.
Step-by-step explanation:
A habitual offender is generally defined by legal statutes which vary by state or country. However, the most common understanding pertains to someone who repeatedly commits the same type of criminal offenses. While the exact definition can change depending on the jurisdiction, for the purpose of your question and without
specific jurisdictional context, none of the options a, b, c provided align universally with the definition of a habitual offender. Therefore, the correct answer would be d. none of the above.
For the scenarios provided related to labeling theory: Labeling theory suggests that when a person is labeled as a deviant by society, they are likely to accept this label as their new master status.
In the context of conditional probability and traffic violations with relation to cell phone use, one would have to examine specific values given in a data set to calculate the probability of an event occurring under specific conditions.
For instance, to calculate a probability related to a person using a cell phone while driving or having no violation in the past year, one needs to identify the total number of such occurrences and divide it by the overall number of participants in the study. The correct option is D.