Final answer:
Eugenics is a debunked philosophy seeking to improve the human race genetically through policies such as forced sterilization of certain groups. Rooted in racism and xenophobia, it led to substantial human rights abuses, especially during the early 20th century. Today, ethical debates about genetic engineering relate to concerns of a resurgence of eugenic practices. The correct option is A.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of some groups and encouraged reproduction of others is known as eugenics. It is a pseudoscientific field of study that emerged in the late nineteenth century advocating for governmental policies to improve the genetic composition of humans.
Systematic programs, like those infamously implemented by Nazi Germany, involved mass sterilization of individuals deemed 'unfit', including the disabled, people of color, and those with certain medical or social histories, in pursuit of a genetically 'superior' race.
Although packaged as a means of fostering societal health and mitigating government expenditure, eugenics was essentially driven by racism and xenophobia. The movement was substantially supported by prominent foundations and carried out by scientists from top institutions under the guise of public health.
This led to widespread human rights abuses, including eugenicide and neglect leading to death. These practices were not confined to Nazi Germany, as other nations, including the United States, adopted similar eugenics policies in the early twentieth century.
The ethical concerns surrounding eugenics extend to modern discussions about genetic engineering and reproductive technologies, which have sparked debates about new forms of eugenics. The line between therapeutic intervention and the pursuit of an ideal genetic makeup remains contentious.