Final answer:
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) exhibit multiple pharmacological effects including alpha-adrenergic blockade, antihistaminic properties, anticholinergic actions, and sedation, which together validate the answer of 'all of the above' for their effects.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pharmacologic effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) include multiple actions on various neurotransmitter systems. These effects are:
- Alpha-adrenergic blockade: TCAs can block alpha-adrenergic receptors, which can lead to side effects such as orthostatic hypotension.
- Antihistaminic: TCAs have antihistamine properties which contribute to sedation and relief from some allergy symptoms.
- Anticholinergic: They have effects on the cholinergic system, blocking muscarinic receptors to various extents, which often leads to dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, and other side effects.
- Sedation: Due to their antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties, TCAs may have a sedative effect, which can be beneficial or problematic depending on the clinical context.
Therefore, the correct answer for the pharmacologic effects of TCAs would be E. all of the above.