Final answer:
The reversal agents for beta-blocker overdose are IV glucagon, atropine, fluids, and vasopressors, meaning all these options are correct. IV glucagon is typically the first-line treatment, with additional measures including atropine for bradycardia, fluids for blood pressure, and vasopressors for hypotension.
Step-by-step explanation:
The reversal agents for beta-blocker overdose include IV glucagon, atropine, fluids, and vasopressors, which means that the correct answer is E) All the above. IV glucagon is often the first-line treatment because it can increase heart rate and improve cardiac contractility by a mechanism different from beta-adrenergic receptors. Atropine can be used to treat bradycardia, which is a common symptom in beta-blocker overdose. Fluids can help to increase blood pressure and improve circulation. Vasopressors, such as dopamine or norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline), can be used to treat hypotension in the case of severe beta-blocker overdose.