Final answer:
The U.S. Constitution gives the federal government three types of powers: expressed powers specifically listed in the text; implied powers derived from the 'necessary and proper clause'; and inherent powers associated with being a sovereign nation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Specific Powers of the Federal Government, The powers granted to the federal government by the U.S. Constitution can be grouped into three distinct categories: expressed powers, implied powers, and inherent powers.
Expressed Powers, The expressed powers of the national government are those directly stated in the Constitution. Article I, Section 8 enumerates these powers, which include the ability to levy and collect taxes, regulate interstate and foreign commerce, declare war, and establish post offices, among others.
Implied Powers, Implied powers are not explicitly listed but are considered necessary to carry out the enumerated powers. They originate from the 'necessary and proper clause' of Article I, Section 8, which provides the basis for extending federal authority over areas such as transportation, as seen in the prohibition of racial discrimination on buses and trains.
Inherent Powers, The inherent powers are those that the national government naturally possesses as a sovereign entity, including controlling immigration, acquiring territory, and recognizing other nations. These powers are rooted in the government's sovereignty rather than specific constitutional provisions.