Final answer:
Cindy's study methods are ineffective for encoding and retrieval of study information. Four tips for improving encoding include using elaborative rehearsal, applying the self-reference effect, using distributed practice, and reviewing material over time. Two tips for improving retrieval include using index cards and practicing recall.
Step-by-step explanation:
Cindy's study methods are ineffective for encoding and retrieval of study information.
Four ways her study methods are ineffective for encoding:
- Highlighting in the book while the teacher lectures does not actively engage her in the material. Elaborative rehearsal and linking information to make it more meaningful would be more effective.
- Studying for hours right before the test without breaks is not as effective as distributed practice. Studying across time in short durations allows for better memory consolidation.
Four study tips for improving her encoding are:
- Use elaborative rehearsal: Think about the information more deeply and link it to other information to make it more meaningful.
- Apply the self-reference effect: Make the material personally meaningful by relating it to something she already knows or applying it to her own life.
- Use distributed practice: Study across time in short durations rather than cramming it all in at once to allow for better memory consolidation.
- Review and rehearse the material over time: Organize and study notes, take practice quizzes/exams, and link the new information to information she already knows well.
For improving retrieval of study information, Cindy can:
- Use index cards instead of highlighting to actively engage in studying and test her knowledge.
- Practice recalling information from memory by regularly quizzing herself or answering questions without referring to her notes.