Final answer:
Kidney stones are mineral crystals forming inside the kidneys, with calcium oxalate being the most common type. Consumption of low-calcium diets and genetic conditions like cystinuria can lead to stone formation. Preventive measures include proper hydration and dietary modifications.
Step-by-step explanation:
Kidney stones, or renal calculi, are solid crystals formed from minerals in urine within the kidneys. The most prevalent type is the calcium oxalate stone, triggered by factors that lead to crystal precipitation in the urine. A key risk factor is consuming a low-calcium diet, which ironically leads to a higher absorption of oxalate into the bloodstream and its subsequent excretion into the urine, promoting stone formation.
Cystine stones are another type, developing exclusively in individuals with cystinuria, where they accumulate cystine in their urine. Symptoms can range from severe 'loin to groin' pain to hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine.
Metabolic conditions, diet, and lifestyle choices contribute to the formation of kidney stones. High consumption of cola soft drinks, excessive animal protein, being overweight, and insufficient fluid intake are identified as risk factors. To prevent kidney stones, it is advisable to limit cola consumption, eat less animal protein, manage weight, and increase hydration.
Should a kidney stone grow large enough, it may obstruct the ureter, impeding urine flow, reducing kidney function, and possibly causing kidney damage. Treatment and management depend on the stone's size and composition, with smaller stones often passing naturally and larger ones sometimes requiring medical intervention.